Professor Emeritus of Political Economy at the Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore in Milan and President Emeritus of the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei in Rome.
Member of the Balzan Board since 2006 and Vice President from 2014 to 2020, when he succeeded Professor Enrico Decleva as Balzan President and delivered a grateful remembrance of Decleva when accepting the appointment.